Phonology Post Test

Functional: changing the meaning, the are voicing, phonemically difference, contrast in the same environment, can substitute, they are phonemes

Non Functional: not change, aspirated sound, phonetically difference, doesn’t contrast, can’t substitute, allophone (variation of sounds)

• Functional differences: the differences between sounds which are capable of changing the meaning of an utterances
• P’ and b’ is a functional difference because capable in changing the meaning
• The difference between t’ and t is the presence or absence of aspiration
• T’ip and tip doesn’t change the meaning if only pronounce
• Tip would sound odd, because we aspirated initial voiceless stops, but no difference in meaning results
• Presence or absence of aspiration doesn’t change the meaning of an utterance
• Presence or absence of aspiration is not a functional difference in English
• A non functional difference is not sufficient to change the meaning of an utterance
• Non functional difference is a difference between speech sounds which doesn’t change the meaning of an utterance
• P’ and b’ differ between the presence or absence of voicing
• P’in with a voiceless bilabial stops, b’in with a voice bilabial stop, the meaning is changing
• The presence or absence of voicing is a functional difference in English
• A substitution of one for the other in the same environment result in a change of meaning is functional, ex: time and dine
• Contrast in the same environment is functional difference
• P and b is in the same environment, pin and bin, in initial
• P and b is in the same environment, tap and tab, in final position
• Aspirated stops occur in word - initial position
• Functional difference = contrast = result in a change of meaning
• Phonemics: the study of contrasting speech sounds
• Phonemics: the study and classification of the phonemes of a language
• Phonemics considers only the functional differences among speech sounds
• Phonetics considers all perceptible (perceive) differences among speech sounds
• Phonetics symbol [p] and [p’] are phonetically different because not capable of changing meaning and not two different phonemes because they don’t contrast in the same environment
• Phonemics symbol is enclosed within slanted lines /p/
• /p/ and /b/ are two difference phonemes or phonemically difference in voicing
• Phonemes: the sounds which contrast in the same environment and the smallest or minimal, unit of sound capable of making a difference in meaning

• Minimal pairs: pairs of utterances which differ fro each other by only one phoneme
• Phonetic inventory: the inventory of all perceptible different sounds of a language
• Phonemic inventory: the inventory of all contrasting sounds of a language
• /p/ /b/ bilabial plosive
• /t/ /d/ apico alveolar plosive
• /k/ /g/ dorso velar plosive
• /f/ /v/ labio dental fricative
• /o/ /x/ dental fricative
• /s/ /z/ apico alveolar fricative